巨噬细胞笔记

什么是巨噬细胞?

答:

主要文献信息:
Ginhoux, F., et al. (2016). “New insights into the multidimensional concept of macrophage ontogeny, activation and function.” Nat Immunol 17(1): 34-40.

巨噬细胞分类

经典活化型:LPS与IFN-gamma的刺激会诱导一个炎症表型,它能促进TH1应答,有抗菌,抗肿瘤的特性。这种表型称为“经典活化型”,即M1型(classically activated macrophage)。Adams, D.O. & Hamilton, T.A. The cell biology of macrophage activation. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 2, 283–318 (1984).

替代活化型巨噬细胞:IL-4或IL-13刺激,特征是产生促炎细胞因子,偏向精氨酸代谢为鸟氨酸(ornithine),表达精氨酸酶,清道夫受体表达增加,吞噬活性增强。即M2型。Stein, M., Keshav, S., Harris, N. & Gordon, S. Interleukin 4 potently enhances murine macrophage mannose receptor activity: a marker of alternative immunologic macrophage activation. J. Exp. Med. 176, 287–292 (1992).

小鼠品系差异

C57BL/6小鼠的巨噬细胞经LPS刺激后可以将精氨酸代谢为NO,在LPS与IFN-gamma处理后表现出TH1样细胞因子的应答。BALB/c小鼠的巨噬细胞偏向于TH2应答,它将精氨酸代谢为鸟氨酸。因此巨噬细胞分为M1型和M2型。Mills, C.D., Kincaid, K., Alt, J.M., Heilman, M.J. & Hill, A.M. M-1/M-2 macrophages and the Th1/Th2 paradigm. J. Immunol. 164, 6166–6173 (2000).这样划分主要是依照TH1和TH2细胞的应答进行的。

M2细胞的严密划分

M2细胞红抗炎因子现后表现出一些精密的不同,因此可以进一步划分,即M2a(由IL-4或IL-13诱导),M2b(IL-10诱导),M2c(免疫复合物与LPS诱导)。 Mantovani, A. et al. The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage
activation and polarization. Trends Immunol. 25, 677–686 (2004).

M1-M2划分的不足

某些疾病中的巨噬细胞不明确地表现出M1和M2表型。(1) Egawa, M. et al. Inflammatory monocytes recruited to allergic skin acquire an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype via basophil-derived interleukin-4. Immunity 38, 570–580 (2013).(2)Arnold, L. et al. Inflammatory monocytes recruited after skeletal muscle injury switch into antiinflammatory macrophages to support myogenesis. J. Exp. Med. 204, 1057–1069 (2007).(3)Nahrendorf, M. & Swirski, F.K. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity in the heart. Circ. Res. 112, 1624–1633 (2013).

巨噬细胞的微环境决定了巨噬细胞的表型。

除了以下的情况以外,单核细胞不会参与组织巨噬细胞的稳态:肠道,皮肤,心脏(在这三个地方,单核细胞会分化为巨噬细胞)。(1)Bain, C.C. et al. Constant replenishment from circulating monocytes maintains the macrophage pool in the intestine of adult mice. Nat. Immunol. 15, 929–937 (2014).(2)Tamoutounour, S. et al. Origins and functional specialization of macrophages and of conventional and monocyte-derived dendritic cells in mouse skin. Immunity 39,925–938 (2013).(3)Epelman, S. et al. Embryonic and adult-derived resident cardiac macrophages are maintained through distinct mechanisms at steady state and during inflammation. Immunity 40, 91–104 (2014).
在一些炎症中,源于胚胎祖细胞的巨噬细胞可以自我更新。 Ginhoux, F. & Jung, S. Monocytes and macrophages: developmental pathways and tissue homeostasis. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 14, 392–404 (2014).

巨噬细胞起源

参见fig.1

巨噬细胞起源有:(1)

巨噬细胞与感染

在细菌感染过程中,单核细胞(monocytes)会补充Kupffer细胞的丢失

文献:

1
Molawi, K. and M. H. Sieweke (2015). "Monocytes compensate Kupffer cell loss during bacterial infection." Immunity 42(1): 10-12.

细菌感染会导致Kupffer的坏死性坏死(necroptosis),它会被单细胞来源的巨噬细胞替换。巨噬细胞是髓系细胞的天然免疫细胞,在胚胎形成过程中,大多数驻留组织巨噬细胞会增多,它们会一直持续到成人时期(Gentek, R., Molawi, K., and Sieweke, M.H. (2014).Immunol. Rev. 262 , 56–73.)。但组织中巨噬细胞也会被单核细胞来源的巨噬细胞取代,心脏中的巨噬细胞就是这样,而小肠中的巨噬细胞则不太容易被取代。Ble´ riot, C., Dupuis, T., Jouvion, G., Eberl, G., Dis-
son, O., and Lecuit, M. (2015). Immunity 42 , this issue, 145–158.LM感染过程中,M-CSFR与IL-4信号是刺激巨噬细胞增殖的外部信号。